对二氯苯和镉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性效应研究

以静水法生物测试研究了对二氯苯和镉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性效应,并采用Marking水生毒理联合毒性相加指数法对联合毒性效应进行了评价.结果表明, 对二氯苯和镉对草鱼的单一毒性作用时,24、48、72和96 h对二氯苯对草鱼的LC₅₀分别是10.11、9.04、8.52和7.83 mg/L; 24、48、72和96 h镉对草鱼的LC₅₀分别是40.02、35.05、28.99和24.41 mg/L,因此对二氯苯的毒性大于镉的毒性. 对二氯苯和镉对草鱼种的联合毒性作用,当采用毒性1∶1进行试验时,暴露时间分别为24、48、72、96　h时AI>0,联合作用结果为协同作用,而当采用浓度1∶1进行试验时,表现出暴露时间为24、48、72 h的AI<0,联合作用结果表现为拮抗作用,而暴露时间为96 h时AI>0,联合作用结果则为协同作用,即随着暴露时间的增加,对二氯苯和镉的联合毒性作用从拮抗作用转变为毒性剧增的协同作用.     

放养鲢鱼预处理高藻原水的除藻效能及特性

为减轻藻类对水厂常规处理工艺净水效能的影响,在某水厂预沉池中进行了放养滤食性鲢鱼去除高藻水中藻类的生产性试验研究.结果表明,以水华微囊藻为优势种的高藻原水经过在水厂预沉池放养鲢鱼进行预处理之后,藻类总量、蓝藻和水华微囊藻含量分别下降了了61.8%、76.1%和78.2%.原水藻类含量的大幅降低有效减轻了后续常规工艺的藻类负荷,为水处理创造了有利条件.分析认为鲢的滤食选择和不同的藻类规格是对蓝藻和绿藻不同去除效率的原因.试验表明,放养鲢鱼的生物控制技术适用于处理群体性蓝藻占优势地位的高藻原水.     

EFFECTS OF HYDRILLA AND GRASS CARP ON WATER QUALITY IN A FLORIDA LAKE1

ABSTRACT Changes in water chemistry, water clarity, and planktonic chlorophyll a were measured as hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) abundance increased and then decreased in Lake Baldwin, Florida. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were used to eliminate submersed macrophytes. No major trends in lake pH, conductivity, or total nitrogen concentrations occurred in association with changes in hydrilla levels. Increased Secchi disc transparency and reductions in total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, potassium, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a concentrations occurred as hydrilla abundance increased. Large increases in the chemical parameters and a reduction in Secchi disc transparency occurred as hydrilla decreased and was eliminated from the lake by grass carp. The effects of hydrilla on lake water chemistry are related to the percentage of the lake's volume infested with hydrilla and macrophyte standing crop.     

FEE FISHING AREAS IN ILLINOIS1

ABSTRACT: Fishing is a popular form of recreation in the state of Illinois. Despite seemingly endless varieties of fishing opportunities, limited public access, distant location of lakes with respect to population centers, chemical contaminants in some waters, and the desire for species not naturally found in Illinois have engendered an alternate form of recreational land use, the daily fee fishing area. A fee area is any privately controlled body of water or waters where a fee is charged for fishing. Such operations must Low licensed by the state of Illinois. Fee areas are almost entirely comprised of existing man-made impoundments, particularly farm ponds. They are usually stocked on a put and take basis. The most common species utilized in Illinois are carp and channel catfish. Fee areas are concentrated in the southwestern part of the state and near major metropolitan centers. Even though the number of fee areas has declined during the past decade, the role of such operations remains important to the overall picture of fishing in Illinois.     

亚硝酸盐氮对草鱼种耗氧率的影响及适应性研究

通过测定全血红蛋白和高铁血红蛋白及耗氧率，研究了草鱼种在NO－N作用下的生理变化和对NO－N的适应性,结果表明：ρ（NO－N）在O～4mg·L－1范围内可使草鱼种耗氧率增加，并于1mp·L－1和4mg·L－1处出现峰值和次峰值；经暴露处理的鱼种在恢复21d后，显示出对NO-N的适应性．     

Assessing impacts of introduced aquatic species: Grass carp in large systems

Introduced species have created environmental benefits and unanticipated disasters so a priori assessments of species introductions are needed for environmental management. A checklist for assessing impacts of introduced species was developed from studies of introduced species and recommendations for planning introductions. Sterile, triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are just beginning to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of aquatic vegetation in open waterways. Potential impacts of grass carp in open systems were identified by reviewing grass carp biology relative to the impact assessment checklist. The potential consequences of introduced grass carp were reviewed for one case study. The case study demonstrated that conclusions about potential impacts and monitoring needs can be made despite incomplete information and uncertainty. Indicators of environmental impact and vulnerability of host systems were grouped into six categories: population control, hybridization, diseases and parasites, habitat alterations, biological effects, and management issues. Triploid grass carp can significantly alter habitat and biological resources through the secondary effects of reductions in aquatic vegetation. Potential impacts and significant uncertainties involve fish dispersions from plant control areas, inability to control vegetation loss, loss of diverse plant communities and their dependent species, and conflicts with human use of the water resource. Adequate knowledge existed to assess most potential consequences of releasing large numbers of triploid grass carp in Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama. However, the assessment of potential impacts indicated that moderate, incremental stockings combined with monitoring of vegetation and biological resources are necessary to control the effects of grass carp and achieve desirable, intermediate plant densities. Cooperators: Auburn University (Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Sciences), US Fish and Wildlife Service, Alabama Game and Fish Division, and the Wildlife Management Institute.     

投饵养鱼对潘家口水库围隔中浮游植物及水质的影响

2009年8月～10月在潘家口水库进行现场围隔试验,研究了投饵、投饵单养鳙鱼(Aristichthy novilis)、鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)及投饵混养鳙鲤鱼对浮游植物和水质的影响.结果表明,试验期间潘家口水库水体浮游植物密度维持在2.6×106个·L-1水平,氮、磷质量浓度比达112,磷是潜在的限制性...     

Methane emissions and related physicochemical soil and water parameters in rice–fish systems in Bangladesh

Lowland rice fields constitute a semi aquatic environment, which is potentially suitable for fish production. Little is known about the effect of fish on greenhouse gas emissions from integrated rice–fish systems. An experiment was carried out at the Bangladesh Agricultural University to assess the effect of the stocking of fish on methane emissions from rice fields. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) were stocked in a mixed culture and subjected to three different input regimes: (1) urea fertilization according to the recommendation of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), (2) supplementary feeding at 2 × maintenance level and (3) an elevated feeding schedule where 4 × maintenance level was fed initially and 2 × maintenance level towards the end of the growth period. Rice only with urea fertilization according to BRRI-recommendation was included as the control. The presence of fish increased methane emissions in all three rice–fish treatments. Average emission over the cropping season was 34, 37, and 32 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the rice–fish treatments, respectively, and 20 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in rice only. Apart from an increase in methane emission, a significant drop (p < 0.05) in floodwater pH and dissolved oxygen concentration was observed in the rice–fish plots. Both parameters were the lowest in the treatment where a higher feeding rate was provided. Due to the fish activity, floodwater in the rice–fish treatments was more turbid, as reflected in higher particulate inorganic matter (PIOM). An elevated level of dissolved methane was observed in the floodwater of the feed supplemented rice–fish plots. Methane emissions showed negative correlation with morning and afternoon pH of the floodwater (r = −0.46; r = −0.56, p < 0.001) and morning and afternoon dissolved oxygen level (r = −0.53; r = −0.46, p < 0.001). Positive correlations were recorded between morning and afternoon floodwater temperature (r = 0.49; r = 0.44, p < 0.001) and with air temperature (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). The results suggest that the stocking of fish has an increasing effect on methane emissions from rice fields.     

Histopathological alterations in gill,liver and kidney of common carp exposed to chlorpyrifos

Histopathological alterations in gill, liver and kidney of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, intoxicated with sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos (O,O,-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) pesticide (1 and 100 μg/L) for a period of 14 days were analyzed under light microscope. Gill exhibited hyperplasia and hypertrophy of gill epithelium, blood congestion, dilation of marginal channel, epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, lamellar disorganization, lamellar aneurysm, rupture of the lamellar epithelium, rupture of pillar cells and necrosis. Alterations in hepatocytes were more pronounced, including nuclear and cellular hypertrophy, cellular atrophy, irregular contour of cells and nucleus, cytoplasmic vacuolation, cytoplasmic and nuclear degeneration, cellular rupture, pyknotic nucleus, necrosis and melanomacrophages aggregations. Histopathological lesions in kidney were cellular and nuclear hypertrophy, narrowing of tubular lumen, cytoplasmic vacuolation, hyaline droplet degeneration, nuclear degeneration, occlusion of tubular lumen, tubular regeneration, dilation of glomerular capillaries, degeneration of glomerulus and hemorrhage in Bowman's space. The most significant conclusion drawn from this study was that with the increased concentration and duration the toxicosis of chlorpyrifos would be enhanced as shown through the analysis of mean assessment value (MAV) and degree of tissue changes (DTC) also.     

湖北鸭儿湖表层沉积物与鱼体中Hg质量比的相关性研究

采用固/液Hg自动分析仪,对采自湖北鸭儿湖氧化塘的鲢鱼、鳙鱼及表层沉积物(0～20 cm)中Hg质量比进行了检测.1998年采集的畸形鲢鱼鱼肉中Hg的平均质量比为(1.723±0.926) mg/kg (n=5),分别是美国FDA人体健康影响标准(1.0 mg/kg) 和我国食品卫生标准(0.3 mg/kg)的3.2倍和10.6倍,超标率均达100%;2002 年采集的畸形鲢鱼、畸形鳙鱼鱼肉中Hg的平均质量比分别为(0.572±0.118) mg/kg(n=10)和(0.739±0.118) mg/kg (n=10),是我国Hg食品卫生标准的1.9倍和2.5倍,超标率达100%.沉积物中Hg的平均质量比为5.08 mg/kg.两年采集的鸭儿湖氧化塘鱼肉、表层沉积物中总Hg质量比的分析和比较表明,表层沉积物中Hg质量比与鱼体内Hg质量比呈明显的正相关性(R=0.959).研究结果表明,污水养鱼中Hg通过食物链所导致的食品安全问题应引起人们高度关注.